The Challenge of Constructing a Bridge over the Chacao Channel

Torben Forsberg and Anton Petersen are two prestigious structural architects with capabilities from the Technical University of Denmark. In their article The Challenge of Constructing a Bridge over the Chacao Channel, the writers portray potential outcomes of improving the structure of another scaffold. The authors’ contentions on elective prospects depend on the way that the development of the new extension has numerous challenges.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual investigation test on The Challenge of Constructing a Bridge over the Chacao Channel explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The difficulties referenced in the article incorporate enormous tides and flows, solid seismic burdens, wind and shaky ground conditions. As indicated by the creators, the proposed structure is undermined and requires specialized survey to guarantee that the scaffold is stylishly lovely and savvy. In any case, the article gives an answer by proposing new scaffold o ptions. The creators survey new extension options comparable to existing difficulties. In every one of the new extension choices, an unmistakable conversation with specialized subtleties is plot. In such manner, the peruser identifies focal points of utilizing different plan options in regard to specialized requests and cost-proficiency. The article portrays the development venture, its geological area, just as ecological difficulties related with the new extension. Instances of such conditions incorporate potential quakes, wind and solid flows. The authors’ portrayal of the Chacao channel as incredibly testing is successful. This depiction legitimizes the need to start specialized competency in development of the new scaffold. The creators likewise gauge the profundity, flowing variety and the speed of water. In addition, they notice the conceivable size of seismic tremors expected in the locale. Also, a depiction of the climatic conditions, for example, wind speed gives und erstanding into the specialized requests of the undertaking. The authors’ portrayal of extension options follows specialized rationale by giving determinations of each structure. In such manner, the creators clarify why each plan is just successful in winning natural conditions. For instance, the creators give subtleties and points of interest of utilizing a ceaseless two-primary range engineered overpass. The article assesses elective extension structures that can withstand the current natural difficulties. In such manner, the creators assess both traditional and customary extension solutions.Advertising Looking for contextual analysis on building? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The principle quality of the article is the attention on an authentic undertaking that exists in a topographically known region. This is critical to the peruser who may choose to explore further about the task and on the building configuration used to fabricate the scaffold. The authors’ validity as structural designers from a legitimate building school is extra quality of the article’s content. The article’s shortcoming that can be featured is that the article doesn't altogether fathom the difficulties of building the scaffold. Truth be told, the creators offer a point by point examination of different options that could improve the development of the scaffold, yet don't give subtleties of how the development of the extension was finished. Besides, the creators neglect to give instances of imitations of extension structures in different locales. The believability of the writers as structural specialists is adequately felt in the article, however it isn't underlined. As I would see it, the article content is clear, precise and canny. The writers have had the option to draw in the reader’s mind utilizing straightforward terms and illustrations. For instance, the creators have utilized diagrams and maps to underline on their contentions. Another significant part of the article’s quality is the utilization of Chacao channel geology. Moreover, the article is valuable in giving future examination material. This contextual investigation on The Challenge of Constructing a Bridge over the Chacao Channel was composed and put together by client Sarah Watson to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

Musical Style and Innovations of Beethoven Essay Example for Free

Melodic Style and Innovations of Beethoven Essay Melodic Style and Innovations Beethoven is seen as a transitional figure between the Classical and Romantic times of melodic history. Most importantly, his works separate themselves from those of any earlier writer through his production of enormous, broadened architectonic structures portrayed by the broad improvement of melodic material, topics, and themes, as a rule by methods for tweak, that is, an adjustment in the sentiment of the home key, through an assortment of keys or consonant areas. Despite the fact that Haydns later works regularly demonstrated a more prominent smoothness between inaccessible keys, Beethovens development was the capacity to quickly build up a robustness in comparing various keys and startling notes to go along with them. This extended consonant domain makes a feeling of an immense melodic and experiential space through which the music moves, and the advancement of melodic material makes a feeling of unfurling show in this space. Thusly Beethovens music matches the synchronous improvement of the novel in writing, an abstract structure concentrated on the existence dramatization and advancement of at least one people through complex life conditions, and of contemporaneous German optimisms philosophical thought of self, psyche, or soul that unfurls through a mind boggling procedure of logical inconsistencies and strains between the emotional and target until a goals or blend happens in which these inconsistencies and formative stages have been settled or included in a higher solidarity. Beethoven kept on growing the advancement area of works, broadening a pattern in progress of Haydn and Mozart, who had drastically extended both the length and substance of instrumental music. As Beethovens major quick antecedents and impacts, he looked to their consonant and formal models for his own works. In any case, both Mozart and Haydn put the incredible load of a melodic development in the announcement of thoughts called the composition, for Beethoven the advancement area of a sonata structure turned into the core of the work. Beethoven had the option to do this by making the improvement segment not only more, yet additionally increasingly organized. The extremely long improvement area of the Eroica Symphony, for instance, is separated into four generally equivalent areas, making it, as a result, a sonata structure inside a sonata structure. The principal development alone of this ensemble is up to a whole common Italian-style Mozart orchestra from the 1770s. His emphasis on the turn of events would, similar to others of his developments, set a precedent that later authors would follow. In spite of the fact that Beethoven composed numerous wonderful and expressive tunes, another extreme advancement of his music, contrasted particularly with that of Mozart and Haydn, is his broad utilization of commanding, stamped, and even obvious cadenced examples all through his arrangements and, specifically, in his subjects and themes, some of which are essentially musical as opposed to melodic. A portion of his most renowned subjects, for example, those of the principal developments of the Third, Fifth, and Ninth ensembles, are essentially non-melodic musical figures comprising of notes of a solitary harmony, and the topics of the last developments of the Third and Seventh orchestras could more precisely be depicted as rhythms instead of as tunes. This utilization of mood was especially appropriate to the supremacy of advancement in Beethovens music, since a solitary cadenced example can more effectively than a song be taken through a progression of various, even remote, keys and symphonious districts while holding and passing on a fundamental solidarity. This permitted him to consolidate various highlights of his subjects in a wide assortment of ways, expanding the strategies of Haydn being developed (see Sonata Form). He likewise proceeded with another pattern towards bigger symphonies that went on until the principal decade of the twentieth century, and moved the focal point of the sound downwards in the symphony, to the violas and the lower register of the violins and cellos, giving his music a heavier and darker feel than Haydn or Mozart. Gustav Mahler changed the arrangement of some of Beethovens music most quite the 3d and ninth orchestras with the possibility of all the more precisely communicating Beethovens expectation in a symphony that had become such a great amount of bigger than the one Beethoven utilized: for instance, multiplying woodwind parts to make up for the way that a cutting edge ensemble has such huge numbers of a greater number of strings than Beethovens symphony. Obviously, these endeavors stay questionable. In his Fifth Symphony Beethoven presented a striking theme, drawn from a late Haydn orchestra, in the initial bar, which he resounded in different structures in each of the four developments of the ensemble. This is the principal significant event of cyclic structure. He was additionally partial to making common what had recently been abnormal: in the Fifth Symphony, rather ofâ using a dignified minuet, as had been the standard for the move development of a four-development work, he made a dim walk, which he utilized as the third development and ran into the fourth without interference. While one can highlight past works which had at least one of these individual highlights, his music, joined with the utilization of operatic scoring that he gained from Mehul and Cherubini, made a work which was by and large novel in actuality excessively novel, truth be told, for certain pundits of the time. Then again, his contemporary Spohr found the finale excessively elaborate, however he commended the subsequent development as being in acceptable Romantic style. His Ninth Symphony remembered a theme and solo voices for the fourth development just because, and utilized fugues, which were commonly viewed as an alternate type of music, and again strange in orchestras. He thought of one show, Fidelio. It has been said that he composed lovely vocal music without respect for the constraints of human artists, regarding the voice as though it were a musical instrument despite the fact that his discussion books note his craving to make his music singable and incorporate references that demonstrate that he had recalled his dads singing exercises. Beethovens advancement and works are ordinarily separated into three periods: an early period wherein his works show particularly the impact of Mozart and Haydn; a center, develop period in which he built up his unmistakable individual style, once in a while portrayed as gallant; and a late period, wherein he composed works of an exceptionally developed, individuated, once in a while divided and unconventional style here and there described as extraordinary and magnificent, where he attempted to consolidate the rococo thoughts of Handel and Bach with his symbols Mozart and Haydn. In his late years he considered Handel my stupendous ace. Rather than Mozart, he toiled vigorously over his work, leaving moderate drafts that give extensive understanding into his inventive procedure. Early drafts of his Ninth Symphony utilized unpleasant vertical checks on the score instead of genuine notes, to show the structure he had as a top priority for the tune. Investigations of his sketch books show the working out of many minor departure from a specific topic, changing subjects to fit with a general structure that advanced after some time, and broad drawing of counter-tunes.

Psychographic Segmentation in Marketing Definition Examples

Psychographic Segmentation in Marketing Definition Examples M?rk?t ??gm?nt?ti?n i? one ?f th? m??t ?ffi?i?nt t??l? for m?rk?t?r? t? ??t?r t? th?ir target group. It m?k?? it ???i?r f?r th?m t? personalize th?ir ??m??ign?, focus ?n wh?t’? necessary, ?nd to gr?u? similar consumers t? target a ????ifi? ?udi?n?? in a ???t-?ff??tiv? m?nn?r.M?rk?t ??gm?nt?ti?n i? b?ing u??d by m?rk?t?r? since l?t? 1900’?. Sim?l? th?ugh it may b?, it i? of vital u?? to forming ?n? m?rk?ting plan. Market S?gm?nt?ti?n i? a process ?f dividing th? market of ??t?nti?l ?u?t?m?r? int? diff?r?nt groups ?nd ??gm?nt? on th? basis ?f certain characteristics.Th? member of th??? gr?u?? ?h?r? similar characteristics ?nd u?u?ll? have ?n? ?r m?r? th?n one aspect ??mm?n ?m?ng th?m. To segment a m?rk?t, ??u divide ??ur ??t?nti?l ?u?t?m?r? into different groups. Mill?nni?l?, Generation X ?nd baby b??m?r?, f?r instance, ?r fans of thrill?r?, ??r?n?rm?l romance ?nd horror.Th?n ??u t?rg?t th? diff?r?nt ??gm?nt? with diff?r?nt ad ??m??ign?. Thi? t?k?? m?r? w?rk th?n a ?n?-?iz?-fit?-?l l ?dv?rti?ing blitz, but its m?r? effective.There ?r? 4 diff?r?nt types of market ??gm?nt?ti?n ?nd ?ll ?f them v?r? in th?ir im?l?m?nt?ti?n in th? real world.Type 1. Demographic ??gm?nt?ti?nDemographic ??gm?nt?ti?n i? ?n? of the ?im?l??t ?nd wid??t type ?f m?rk?t ??gm?nt?ti?n used. S?gm?nt?ti?n g?n?r?ll? divid?? a ???ul?ti?n b???d on variables (characteristics).Thu? d?m?gr??hi? ??gm?nt?ti?n t?? h?? it? ?wn v?ri?bl?? ?u?h ?? Ag?, g?nd?r, f?mil? ?iz?, income, ???u??ti?n, religion, r??? ?nd nationality.Type 2. Behavioral ??gm?nt?ti?nThis t??? ?f m?rk?t ??gm?nt?ti?n divid?? the ???ul?ti?n ?n the basis of their b?h?vi?r, u??g? and d??i?i?n making ??tt?rn.F?r ?x?m?l? â€"   young people will ?lw??? prefer D?v? as a soap, wh?r??? ???rt? enthusiast will u?? Lif?bu??. This i? ?n ?x?m?l? of behavior b???d ??gm?nt?ti?n. B???d ?n the b?h?vi?r ?f ?n individu?l, th? ?r?du?t i? marketed.Type 3. P???h?gr??hi? segmentationP???h?gr??hi? ??gm?nt?ti?n i? one whi?h u??? lif??t?l? ?f people, th?ir ??tivit i??, interests as w?ll ?? opinions t? d?fin? a m?rk?t ??gm?nt. P???h?gr??hi? segmentation is quite similar t? b?h?vi?r?l segmentation.But psychographic ??gm?nt?ti?n ?l?? t?k?? the ????h?l?gi??l ?????t? of ??n?um?r bu?ing behavior into accounts.Th??? ????h?l?gi??l aspects m?? b? ??n?um?r? lif??t?l?, hi? social ?t?nding as w?ll as hi? AIO, d? r?f?r m?r? t? A?tiviti??, Int?r??t? and O?ini?n?.Type 4. G??gr??hi? segmentationThi? t??? of m?rk?t ??gm?nt?ti?n divides people ?n the basis ?f g??gr??h?. Y?ur ??t?nti?l ?u?t?m?r? will h?v? different n??d? b???d ?n the geography th?? are located in.F?r instance, ????l? who are l???t?d in non muni?i??l areas might require a RO water purifier whereas those located in muni?i??l ?r??? might n??d UV based ?urifi?r?.Thu?, th? n??d can v?r? on the b??i? ?f g??gr??h?. Source | © WeeblyThi? ?rti?l? f??u??? on Psychographic ??gm?nt?ti?n in m?rk?ting.PSYCHOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION IN MARKETING: DEFINITION EXAMPLES To th? uniniti?t?d, th? fi?ld ?f psychographics m?? ??und a littl? like a debunked “??i?ntifi?” ?rin?i?l? such as ?hr?n?l?g?, but ??tu?ll?, it’? one ?f th? m??t ?x?iting d?v?l??m?nt? in ????h?l?gi??l ?n?l??i? that m?rk?t?r? can l?v?r?g? in their ??m??ign?.P???h?gr??hi? segmentation divid?? ??t?nti?l ??n?um?r? b???d ?n th?ir interests, personalities, lif??t?l??, activities, and other similar f??t?r?.This kind ?f m?rk?t segmentation i? d?n? to ??t?r t? ??n?um?r? with ?imil?r lik?? and n??d? ?nd offer th?m ??m?thing th?? v?lu?.U?ing this segmentation, companies t?rg?t diff?r?nt m????g?? t? diff?r?nt ?u?t?m?r segments f?r a single ?r?du?t, highlighting th? ?r?du?t’? w?rth th?t i? mutually b?n?fi?i?l f?r th? consumers b?l?nging to ?n? ??gm?nt.Consumers h?v? various different psychographic m?k? u? ?nd ?n?l?zing th??? diff?r?n??? ?nd gr?u?in g ??n?um?r? b???d ?n th?ir mutu?ll? ?h?r?d ?h?r??t?ri?ti?? i? th? b?ginning of ????h?gr??hi? segmentation.Usually, thi? type of ??gm?nt?ti?n is u??d wh?n a product ?r ??rvi?? i? ?ff?r?d to a heterogeneous market, wh?r? consumers h?v? v?r? different d?m?gr??hi?? fr?m ???h other.Th? k?? ?im ?f thi? segmentation t??? i? t? gr?u? consumers int? characteristics th?t ?r? otherwise n?t so visible ?u?h ?? ??r??n?lit? traits, attitudes, interests, ??tiviti??, ?t?.C?t?g?ri?? ?f P???h?gr??hi? Inf?rm?ti?nA? m?nti?n?d earlier, ????h?gr??hi? information falls int? ?n? of three categories: ??r??n?lit?, lifestyle ?r social ?l???.A? w? w?rk thr?ugh each ?f these categories, ??u’ll begin t? ??? th?t they often ?l?? ?ff one ?n?th?r, in th?t individu?l? wh? can b? d???rib?d ?? a certain ??r??n?lit? t??? will t?nd t? fall into a specific ??t?g?r? ?f lif??t?l? ?nd/?r social class.H?w?v?r, it’s im??rt?nt t? n?t? th?t ?u?h ?v?r-g?n?r?liz?ti?n is wh?t ??u should b? tr?ing to ?v?id in the fir?t place.In ?th?r words, th?ugh ??u may n?ti?? certain patterns whil? ??gm?nting ??ur ?udi?n?? based ?n ????h?gr??hi??, it’? ????nti?l to n?ti?? th? ?n?m?li?? ??u’ll und?ubt?dl? come across, t??.In f??t, thi? ???mingl?-in??n?i?t?nt data ??uld end u? un??v?ring ?n ?ntir? segment ?f ??ur ?udi?n?? that ??u h?d previously ?v?rl??k?d.Th?t b?ing ??id, l?t’? t?k? a l??k at each ??t?g?r? ?f psychographics, as w?ll as some ?f th? most common ?ub??t?g?ri?? ?f ???h.1. P?r??n?lit?In ????h?gr??hi??, an individu?l’? personality ??n?i?t? of…well…who th?? ?r? ?? a person.Whil? segmenting ??ur customers b???d on ??r??n?lit?, ??u’ll ??n?id?r f??t?r? ?u?h as their b?li?f?, th?ir m?r?l?, th?ir motivations, and their ?v?r?ll ?utl??k ?n lif?.The following ?ub??t?g?ri?? ?r? b???d ?n personality t???? ?? defined by J????h Chri? P?rtn?r?.H?w?v?r, b?f?r? we li?t these subcategories, n?t? th?t these are merely ?ugg??ti?n? b???d on a typical customer b??? of a t??i??l ??m??n? within a t??i??l indu?tr?.In ?th ?r w?rd?, the d?t? ??u un??v?r might warrant th?t you create your ?wn ??r??n?lit? ?ub??t?g?ri?? t? better d?fin? your individu?l ?u?t?m?r?.B?l?ng?r?: A? th? name ?ugg??t?, individu?l? in this group ?r? m?r? “mainstream” th?n th??? in the ??t?g?ri?? t? follow. Th?? ??n?t?ntl? ???k to fit a ??mm?n mold, ?nd d?n’t r??ll? lik? t? ?t?nd ?ut in a ?r?wd.Achievers: P???l? in thi? gr?u? ?r? in?r?dibl? ?mbiti?u?, ?lw??? bu??, ?nd aim t? be upwardly mobile. Th?? f??l th? n??d t? constantly b? productive and are always w?rking to b?tt?r th?ir liv??. Th?? ?l?? tend t? b? materialistic, in th?t th?? will m?k? large ?ur?h???? t? symbolize their success in lif?.Emul?t?r?: Emul?t?r? w?uld love to r??? the b?n?fit? ?f b?ing A?hi?v?r?, but th??’r? mi??ing ?ith?r th? ?kill??t ?r w?rk ?thi? to ??tu?ll? g?t th?r?. To make u? f?r wh?t th?? ??n?id?r t? b? ?h?rt??ming?, Emulators m?k? l?rg? ?ur?h???? th?? ??n’t afford in order t? ?????r ?u?????ful.S?vi?r?: S?vi?r? work to ??hi?v? gr??tn??? not f?r themselves, but for the world ?? a wh?l?. They’re socially-conscious individu?l? who giv? ?nd giv? of th?m??lv??, ?nd r?r?l? (if ?v?r) ??k f?r ?n?thing in r?turn.D??m?d???r?: These individuals ?r? th? ??l?r ?????it? ?f b?th Belongers ?nd S?vi?r?. They march to th? beat ?f th?ir ?wn drum, and tend t? n?t rely ?n ?n??n? else for much ?f ?n?thing. But th?? also will b? incredibly loyal to ?n? person ?r organization th?? d? trust.Integrators: Think Achiever plus S?vi?r. Int?gr?t?r? ?r? h?rd-w?rking individu?l? who h?v? amassed v??t ?m?unt? ?f w??lth and wh? h?v? b?gun giving back to their ??mmunit? and th? w?rld.Surviv?li?t?: Th??? individu?l? are th??? who w?rk ????h??k to ????h??k and d?n’t have much to show f?r th?m??lv??. B???u?? th?? liv? in constant f??r ?f l??ing everything du? to a d?wnturn, th??’r? ?ft?n in?r?dibl? frugal and ?nl? ???nd money when it’? ?b??lut?l? n??????r?.N?w, the ??int of ????r?ting consumers into th??? categories isn’t t? determine h?w ??u can m?r k?t t? ???h category. That ?im?l? w?n’t h????n (e.g., n? Surviv?li?t i? g?ing t? purchase a R?l?x und?r ?n? ?ir?um?t?n???).Instead, it’? t? determine the ?ub??t?g?ri?? th?t consist of individuals wh? ?r? most likely t? g?t v?lu? ?ut ?f ??ur ?r?du?t ?r ??rvi?? â€" ?nd t? b?gin to understand ?v?n more about them in th? process.G?th?ring ?sych?gr??hi? dataSet th? ?n?l?ti??l numb?r? ??id? â€" it’? tim? t? g?t ??r??n?l. Th? ?nl? way to g?in thi? valuable ????h?gr??hi? segmentation inf?rm?ti?n i? b? g?tting to kn?w your target ?udi?n??.Don’t b? ?h?. Int?rvi?w your ?u?t?m?r? t? find out wh?t th?? lik? t? d? in th?ir spare tim?, wh?t th?? v?lu? most in life, and wh?t m?tiv?t?? th?m t? ?h?ng?. Th?r? ?r? a ?l?th?r? of possible ?u??ti?n? to u?? in ?rd?r t? g?in m?r? in?ight int? who your bu??r? are ?? hum?n beings.If you d?n’t f??l appropriately ??nn??t?d t? ??r??n?ll? ??k ??ur buyers or if ??u ?r? l??king to g?in a l?rg?r population, send out a survey. S?nding out a survey i? a gr?? t way t? g?th?r th? inf?rm?ti?n you n??d in ?rd?r t? ?r???rl? ?x??ut? ????h?gr??hi? ??gm?nt?ti?n.2. Lif??t?l? / Attitud??To g?t a good ?i?tur? ?f ?n individu?l ?u?t?m?r’? lif??t?l?, ??u’ll n??d t? ?n?l?z? three “dimensions” ?f th?ir lif?:O?ini?n?/Attitud?Int?r??t?A?tiviti??Though commonly referred t? ?? “AIO Variables” (Activities-Interests-Opinions), I’v? d??id?d t? li?t these f??t?r? in a diff?r?nt ?rd?r, whi?h w?’ll di??u?? m?m?nt?ril?.Fir?t, w?’ll t?k? a look ?t each ?f th??? ?????t? in i??l?ti?n, th?n wrap u? th? section by explaining how each relates t? ?n? ?n?th?r.Opinions/AttitudeAn individu?l’? attitude t?w?rd ?r ??ini?n ?f something (anything) i? ?r??t?d b? a ??nflu?n?? ?f:Th? d?gr?? t? whi?h that “??m?thing” i? important t? th?ir lifeDeep-seated b?li?f? h?ld b? said individu?lA ??r??n’? ?ttitud? f?rm? th? b???lin? for whi?h th?? will gauge a ??rt?in “something” in terms of u??fuln???, ??rh??? b?f?r? they’ve ?v?n so mu?h as entertained th? i d?? ?f u?ing such a thing.A? ?u?h, ??ini?n? m?? be based ?n a ??r??n’? l?gi??l und?r?t?nding ?f ?n id??…?r th?? may b? b???d on a preconceived n?ti?n th?t ??r??n h?ld? within th?m.N? m?tt?r the ????, th?ugh, ??u’d b? hard-pressed t? ?h?ng? a ??r??n’? ??ini?n ?n?? it i? fully f?rm?d.Int?r??t?Sim?l? ?ut: A ??r??n’? l?v?l of interest toward a given ??m?thing is th? d?gr?? ?f ?x?it?m?nt th?? g?t from ?ng?ging with â€" ?r even thinking about ?ng?ging with â€" said ??m?thing.When researching a ?u?t?m?r’? interests, you might ?h???? t? fir?t use a br??d scope, narrowing ??ur focus ?? you begin to und?r?t?nd m?r? ?b?ut th?m.F?r ?x?m?l?, you might fir?t d?t?rmin? that a ?u?t?m?r ?nj??? ??m??titiv? ???rt?. Y?u th?n might b? ?bl? t? d?t?rmin? that th?ir sport of preference i? baseball.At this ??int, you’d kn?w you have a g??d ?h?n?? ?f ?r??ting a ??l? if you w?r? t? m?rk?t ??rt?in b???b?ll-r?l?t?d ??ui?m?nt to this individual.D??? this m??n th?t ??u d?n’t have a chance ?f ??lli ng ?th?r ???rt? ??ui?m?nt (or ??m?thing else entirely) t? this ??m? person? Absolutely n?t. But, if ??u w?r? to ?ki? the br??d ??t?g?riz?ti?n ?nd h?n? right in on their int?n?? l?v? ?f b???b?ll, you might unintentionally miss th? f??t th?t th??’r? also a huge h??k?? f?n, ?? w?ll.Und?r?t?nding ??ur customers’ int?r??t? i? ????nti?l â€" ?v?n if th??? int?r??t? have seemingly little t? d? with the product or service you ?ff?r. This brings u? t?…A?tiviti??Wh?n we talk ?b?ut activities h?r?, we’re t?lking ?b?ut a f?w diff?r?nt things:The ??tiviti?? a ??r??n ?nj??? (?nd will ???nd money to ?ng?g? in)Th? d??th t? whi?h they “div? int?” said ??tivit?The w?? in whi?h th?? go ?b?ut m?king purchases f?r ??id activityObvi?u?l?, a ??r??n int?r??t?d in playing b???b?ll is g?ing t? need t? ?ur?h??? a variety ?f ??ui?m?nt, such ?? a gl?v?, a b?t, b?ll?, ?t?.Depending ?n th?ir l?v?l ?f interest, th?? might ?l?? ?ur?h??? ?l??t?, shinguards, ?nd a helmet.Th?? might also inv??t in hitting ? r thr?wing l????n?, ?r put m?n?? toward a m?mb?r?hi? in a local l??gu?.Two ????r?t? individuals with the ??m? level of interest might ?l?? v?r? in how th?? d??id? on whi?h product t? purchase. Whil? ?n? might d? their ?wn research ?n which type ?f (and quality ?f) equipment t? buy, another might consult a ???r or a specialist.As mentioned in th? intr?du?ti?n, w?’v? covered thi? b?h?vi?r?l aspect of m?king ?ur?h???? in our ???t article ?n b?h?vi?r?l ??gm?nt?ti?n.Ch??k it out if ??u h?v?n’t ?lr??d?.AIO V?ri?bl??The reason I li?t?d Opinions/Attitudes, Int?r??t?, ?nd A?tiviti?? in th? ?rd?r I did i? b???u?? ???h ?n? precedes th? next:A person f?rm? an ??ini?n ?b?ut a ??rt?in ??m?thingTh?? th?n l??rn m?r? about th?t something (?r ignore it ??m?l?t?l?)They th?n t?k? ??ti?n with regard t? that something (?r, ?g?in, d?n’t)In other words, ??ini?n? ?r? th? m?tiv?ti?n for a ??r??n b???ming int?r??t?d in ??m?thing, ?nd th?ir int?r??t in th?t something is the motivation b?hind them taking ??ti?n. With?ut ?n ??ini?n or an int?r??t in ??m?thing, a person has n? r????n to ?ng?g? with it.It is, however, ????ibl? to h?v? ?n opinion ?n ??m?thing ?nd b? int?r??t?d by it, but n?t take ??ti?n on it.In f??t, it ??n b? ??id that a m?rk?t?r’? j?b i? t? bridge the g?? that allows a ?u?t?m?r to t?k? thi? initi?l ??ti?n with?ut f??ling lik? th??’r? ri?king a m?j?r ??tb??k or l??? in lif?.Advantages of Psychographic SegmentationSh?uld ?r?vid? a mu?h gr??t?r in?ight int? th? consumers their lif??t?l?? and their needsH?l?ful f?r un??v?ring motivations ?nd reasons f?r ?r?du?t and brand purchasesOft?n m?r? helpful for developing ?r?m?ti?n?l ??m??ign?Limitations of Psychographic SegmentationR??uir?? market research â€" u?u?ll? a mix ?f qualitative and ?u?ntit?tiv? â€" whi?h can b? ?x??n?iv?As a result ?f th? research ???t, probably m?r? ?uit?bl? for l?rg?r firm?/br?nd?S?m?tim?? ?u?lit?tiv? market r????r?h h?? a ??n??rn r?g?rding th? int?r?r?t?ti?n ?f th? finding?Psychographic ??gm?nt ? may not b? ?? easy to r???h vi? ?r?m?ti?n?l m?th?d? ?r t? id?ntif? in-store  3. Social Cl??? / A?tiviti??Of ?ll th? categories of psychographics, social class is th? m??t ?tr?ightf?rw?rd. Th?t b?ing ??id, let’s quickly go thr?ugh ?l????? which th? ???ul?ti?n is usually divid?d int?.N?t?: The f?ll?wing list i?n’t “?ffi?i?l” in any ??n??; it’s ju?t m??nt to describe th? “typical” circumstances ?nd mindsets ?f a person in a giv?n class.T??-U???r Cl???: Members ?f this ?l??? are th? ri?h??t ?f the rich. Th??? individu?l? h?v?, f?r the m??t ??rt, inh?rit?d th?ir w??lth fr?m g?n?r?ti?n? ???t, ?nd â€" again, f?r the m??t ??rt â€" have never ?x??ri?n??d ?ir?um?t?n??? in which m?n?? w?? ?n i??u?. A? such, th?? tend t? spend l?vi?hl? and with?ut mu?h ??n?id?r?ti?n f?r ?ri??.Bottom-Upper Cl???: Members of thi? class did not inh?rit th?ir wealth ?? mu?h as they h?v? ??rn?d it themselves. While n?t necessarily ??n?id?r?d “rags to ri?h??,” they know h?w mu?h ?ff?rt, kn?wl?dg?, and ?v?n lu?k it takes t? r???h the l?v?l th??’v? r???h?d. Whil? they don’t spend money with r??kl??? di?r?g?rd, th?? ?l?? ?r?n’t ?fr?id to go ?ut and bu? wh?t th?? w?nt, ?ith?r.T??-Middl? Cl???: M?mb?r? ?f th? top-middle ?l??? are in a comfortable ?n?ugh fin?n?i?l situation th?t they ?r? ?bl? to focus ?n gr?wing th?ir career or bu?in???. Similar to b?tt?m-u???r class individu?l?, they d?n’t ???nd m?n?? with?ut ??r?ful ??n?id?r?ti?n â€" but th?? ??n afford t? ?r?vid? themselves and their families with a certain amount ?f th? “fin?r thing? in life.”Bottom-Middle Class: In thi? ?l???, ??u h?v? the whit?- or grey-collar w?rk?r?. Th??? individu?l? liv? ??nv?nti?n?l liv?? ?nd ?r? ?bl? t? ?r?vid? th? basics f?r th?ir f?mili?? (along with some ?xtr?? here and th?r?). Th?ir l?rg? purchases ?r? made with ??r?ful ??n?id?r?ti?n in t?rm? ?f fin?n??? ?nd l?gi?ti??.T??-L?w?r Cl???: This class t??i??ll? ??n?i?t? ?f blu?-??ll?r w?rk?r? who m?k? ?n?ugh m?n?? to g?t buy, but d?n’t have mu?h left ?v?r after ?u??l?ing the basics t? th?m??lv?? and th?ir f?mili??. B???u?? of thi?, they are always in “d?f?n??” mode, l??king t? w?rk as mu?h as ????ibl? to ??v? u? wh?t littl? m?n?? th?? can.B?tt?m-L?w?r Class: These individu?l? ?r? ?ith?r und?r- ?r un?m?l???d, ?nd live w?ll below wh?t m??t w?uld ??n?id?r a d???nt ?t?nd?rd ?f living. They ???nd wh?t little m?n?? th?? d? make ?n the bare ????nti?l? â€" but ??m?tim?? ??t t? f?r?g? these ????nti?l? in favor ?f ?xtr?n??u? distractions.A? mentioned ??rli?r, all thr?? ?f these categories tend t? coexist with ?n? ?n?th?r.For example, ?n individual wh? could be considered ?n Integrator is ?lm??t certainly a member ?f th? u???r-?l???, ?? they would n??d v??t ?m?unt? ?f w??lth t? b? ?bl? t? live the life ?f a ?hil?nthr??i?t.On the other hand, a Survivalist i? likely a m?mb?r of the t??-l?w?r class: ??ntinu?u?l? fighting to ?t?? ?fl??t, with littl? time ?r m?n?? to ??tu?ll? ?nj?? th?ir liv??.In terms ?f AIO v?ri?bl??, whi?h of th??? tw? individuals w?uld be a b?tt?r t?rg?t f?r a travel ??m??n? ??lling all-inclusive trips t? th? B?h?m???Ag?in, whil? the prospect of g?ing on ?u?h a tri? is lik?l? t? int?r??t ?lm??t ?n??n?, when it ??m?? t? t?king ??ti?n, only ?n? ?f the tw? will ??tu?ll? b? ?bl? to ?ff?rd the ti?k?t.N?w, this d???n’t m??n ??u ?h?uld pigeonhole your marketing initi?tiv?? and target ?nl? ?n? ????ifi? ??gm?nt ?f ??ur ?udi?n??.It m??n? ??u n??d t? figure ?ut how t? tw??k ??ur products, ??rvi???, ?nd ?ff?r? in order t? r???h ?? mu?h ?f ??ur ?udi?n?? as ????ibl? â€" while still m?king a ?r?fit.W?’ll get m?r? int? th?t in a bit, but fir?t l?t’? t?k? a look ?t th? ways in whi?h you ??n ??ll??t ????h?gr??hi? inf?rm?ti?n in th? fir?t ?l???.GATHERING PSYCHOGRAPHIC INFORMATIONS? n?w that we und?r?t?nd what psychographics ?r?, h?w d? we g? about ???uiring Psychographic d?t?? Th?r? are a numb?r ?f t??l? ?nd ???t?m? that ??u ??n use t? g?th?r P???h?gr??hi? data about your t?rg?t ?udi?n?? f?r marketi ng gr?wth. Y?u’r? ?r?b?bl? already familiar with a f?w ?f th?m.F?r ?x?m?l?, ??u m?? use G??gl? An?l?ti?? t? h?l? gather g??gr??hi? d?t? ?b?ut ??ur ?udi?n??.Let’s take a l??k at more t??l? ?nd resources ?? w?ll as th? ?r?? and ??n? ?f each.Surv???/Qu??ti?nn?ir??Surveys ?nd ?u??ti?nn?ir?? ?r? a u??ful ?nd f?irl? ???? w?? t? begin gathering inf?rm?ti?n.Th? real tri?k t? ?u????? h?r? i? kn?wing wh?t questions to ??k ?nd h?w t? ??k them. Surv??? n??d to b? ??t?r?d t? your ?udi?n?? and ??u h?v? t? also in??ntiviz? th?m.M?n? ????l? w?n’t fill ?ut a ?urv?? unl??? th?r?’? ??m?thing in it f?r them. For example, ??u might enter th?m into a ??nt??t if th?? ?n?w?r your survey.Pr?: You’ll g?t results quickly and ??n g?th?r a l?t ?f inf?rm?ti?n in a ?h?rt tim?.C?n: N?t ?v?r??n? will ?n?w?r ?? it can be diffi?ult t? g?t a good ?r???-???ti?n t? r??r???nt ??ur market. Y?u may h?v? to ?dd ?n in??ntiv? t? g?t a response.H?r? ?r? a f?w tips f?r a ?u?????ful ?urv??U?? open-ended questions to le arn the m??t.Incentivize th? ?urv??. W? used gift ??rd? ?nd it in?r????d th? willingn??? t? ??rti?i??t?.L??k f?r a large # ?f responses (we looked f?r ~150). Y?u w?nt t? find ?ut wh? th? ?u?t?m?r i?, wh?t n??d th?? h?d, wh?t ??m??tit?r? they h?d in mind during th?t ?r?????, ?nd wh? they chose you ?v?r a competitor.Personal Int?rvi?w?A few ?n?-?n-?n? int?rvi?w? with ??ur b??t ?li?nt? ??n help you ?r??t? a ?r?fil?. Thi? approach can be one ?f the m??t inf?rm?tiv? ?n??.It’? important wh?n ??ndu?ting a ??r??n?l int?rvi?w t? h?v? your questions prepared in ?dv?n?? ?nd t? b? able t? r???rd the ?n?w?r?.Pr?: Detailed inf?rm?ti?n from ??tu?l customers, with the chance to ?l?rif? their ?n?w?r? ?nd ??k follow-up questions.C?n: Tim? consuming. Y?u may ???nd an h?ur ?r more ??r ?u?t?m?r g?tting the d?t?il?d inf?rm?ti?n that ??u need.Here’s a ??ri?t ??u can use“Hey, [Name]!I h??? you’re having a great d??!I’m ju?t r???hing ?ut because I’m l??king f?r a few ?f m? b??t customers t? answ er some questions. I’m trying t? provide th? best ?r?du?t possible, and w? n??d some feedback t? improve.I ?r?mi?? t? keep th? ??ll to no more th?n 15 minut??. W?uld ??u b? willing to schedule a quick ?h?t?Th?nk? f?r ??ur time and for being ?u?h an ?w???m? customer!Sincerely, [Y?ur N?m?]”F??u? Gr?u??F??u? gr?u?? can be ??ndu?t?d ?nlin? ?r in person. It’? a ??ll??ti?n ?f ????l? g?th?r?d t? provide inf?rm?ti?n ?b?ut ??ur market. F??u? gr?u?? ?r? g?n?r?ll? a div?r?? gr?u?, d?m?gr??hi??ll? ????king.They ??n provide inf?rm?ti?n ?b?ut a ??rti?ul?r ?r?du?t or ??rvi?? or they ??n b? ??k?d about their v?ri?u? ????h?gr??hi? information.Pr?: Y?u can gain a deeper in?ight about ??ur prospects, ?nd ?ft?n people will chime in ?n ?th?r ????l?’? ?n?w?r?, giving ??u m?r? in?ight? ?nd answers.C?n?: In a gr?u? ?nvir?nm?nt people m?? not b? as h?n??t ?b?ut their ??ini?n?, values, beliefs ?nd m?tiv?ti?n? as they might b? in an ?n?n?m?u? ?nvir?nm?nt.Research provided b? 3rd party companiesThere a re w?b-b???d services ?nd t??l? th?t ??u can u?? t? g?in inf?rm?ti?n ?b?ut psychoanalytics.Pr?: V??t collection ?f data th?t ??m??n? ?l?? collects f?r you.Con: C??t-??n??i?u? m?rk?t?r? who h?v? a ?m?ll?r budget m?? n?t wi?h to ??? f?r this level ?f ??rvi??.Y?ur ?xi?ting website analyticsU?? your existing business analytics to dig a bit d????r int? ??ur ?u?t?m?r?’ b?h?vi?r. Wh?t ?r? vi?it?r? clicking ?n? On whi?h ??nt?nt d? they spend th? most tim?? Whi?h ??ll?-t?-??ti?n convert b?tt?r th?n ?th?r?? Wh?r? d??? the m?j?rit? ?f ??ur website tr?ffi? ??m? from? Wh?r? d? ????l? g? after leaving your site?Pr?: Readily ?v?il?bl? ?nd ??rtin?nt t? your ?xi?ting visitors.C?n: Tim?-??n?uming ?nd ??u m?? h?v? t? g? b??k a bit to find ?n?ugh d?t?. C?n b? ??m?li??t?d t? understand ?nd draw conclusions when th?r?’? a l?t of data. Need to set u? specific tests (A/B tests) t? un??v?r ??tt?rn?.Outsource itHir? a marketing firm to do th? r????r?h and inf?rm?ti?n g?th?ring f?r ??u. Th?? ??n ??ndu?t t h? ?urv???, f??u? groups, and dig into ??ur ?n?l?ti?? to manage th? ?r?filing for ??u.Pro: It’? easyCon: It’s expensiveS??i?l MediaThe gr??t thing ?b?ut l??king t? social m?di? f?r psychographic inf?rm?ti?n i? that users t?nd to b? much m?r? ???n wh?n u?ing th??? channels.Ethi??ll?, it’s n?t a great id?? t? tr?wl through ????l??’ ?r?fil?? grabbing every l??t bit of inf? ??u ??n, but ??u ??n get a decent grasp ?n th? lives of th??? ??u’r? t?rg?ting.Pro: It’s r?l?tiv?l? ???? t? g?t ??ur h?nd? on a l?t ?f d?t? ?? so many ????l? u?? S??i?l M?di?.Con: Social M?di? inf?rm?ti?n is h?rd?r to quantify th?n ?th?r m?th?d? ?nd entails a number of diff?r?nt v?ri?bl??.E??h one of these m?th?d? ??n help ?dd depth ?nd information t? ??ur ?udi?n?? ?r?fil?.Combine a f?w ?f th? m?th?d? ?nd ??u’ll be w?ll ?n ??ur w?? t? ?r??ting a ??m?r?h?n?iv? ?nd ???ur?t? d???ri?ti?n of wh? i? interested ??ur ?r?du?t? ?r ??rvi???.You’ll kn?w h?w t? m?rk?t to th?m t? m??t their unique n??d?.A few ??ur? ?? f?r ????h?gr??hi? dataClaritas Segmentation M?rk?t Solutions:   Provides market, lif??t?l?, d?m?gr??hi?, ?nd behavioral information f?r ?t?t??, ??unti?? and D??ign?t?d Market Ar??? (DMA).   (Online guid? ?v?il?bl? Claritas SMS)American FactFinder:   U.S. C?n?u? Bur??u ?h?rt?ut to ???ul?ti?n, h?u?ing, ?nd d?m?gr??hi? ?t?ti?ti?? for towns, cities, ??unti??, ?t?t??, ?nd zi? ??d??, in?lud?? ?t?ti?ti?? from th? 2010 Unit?d States C?n?u?.Qui?kF??t?: Quick ?????? t? ?t?ti?ti?? for all states and ??unti?? with facts ?b?ut ????l?, business, ?nd g??gr??h? from th? U.S. Census Bureau.P??ul?ti?n R?f?r?n?? Bur??u:   U.S. ???ul?ti?n i??u??, tr?nd?, ?nd ?t?ti?ti??, in graphics ?nd t?xt, ?r? ?r???nt?d in an easy-to-use f?rm?t.   T??i?? in?lud? m?rri?g? ?nd family, ???ul?ti?n ??tim?t?? ?nd ?r?j??ti?n?, education, r??? and ?thni?it?, in??m? and ??v?rt?, migr?ti?n, foreign-born ???ul?ti?n, ?hildr?n, ?ld?r ???ul?ti?n, fertility, l?b?r f?r?? and ?m?l??m?nt, ?nd m?rt?lit?.STATSAm?ri??:   Provides d?m ?gr??hi? ?t?ti?ti?? f?r ?t?t??, counties ?nd m?tr???lit?n ?r???.Cit?-D?t?.??m:   Pr?vid?? profiles of U.S. ?iti?? with population, income, r???, ?du??ti?n, and h?u?ing statistics.C?n?um?r Ex??nditur? Surv??:   U.S. Bureau of L?b?r St?ti?ti??.   Pr?vid?? inf?rm?ti?n on th? bu?ing h?bit? of Am?ri??n consumers, including data ?n their expenditures, in??m?, and consumer unit (f?mili?? ?nd ?ingl? consumers) characteristics.Am?ri??n Cu?t?m?r S?ti?f??ti?n Ind?x:   An?l?z?? ?u?t?m?r satisfaction f?r 10 ???n?mi? ???t?r? and m?r? th?n 40 k?? industries.Am?ri??n Time U?? Survey:   U.S. Bur??u ?f L?b?r Statistics.   Measures the amount of tim? ????l? ???nd doing various ??tiviti??, ?u?h ?? paid w?rk, childcare, volunteering, and ???i?lizing.P?w Social D?m?gr??hi? Tr?nd?: Studi?? behaviors and ?ttitud?? ?f Am?ri??n? in key ?r??? ?f th?ir liv??, in?luding f?mil?, community, h??lth, finance, w?rk and l?i?ur?.CensusScope: An ????-t?-u?? t??l f?r investigating U.S. demographic tr?nd? from th? S??i? l S?i?n?? Data Analysis N?tw?rk (SSDAN) ?t th? University ?f Mi?hig?n.   D??ign?d f?r g?n?r?li?t? ?nd ????i?li?t?, it in?lud?? charts, m???, ?nd r?nking f?r n?ti?n?l, ?t?t?, m?tr?, ?nd ??unt? data from the 2010 ??n?u? ?nd ??rli?r.H?W TO U?? ??Y?H?GR??HI? ??GM?NT?TI?N IN Y?UR M?RK?TINGN?w ??u’v? got the d?t?. But d?t? i? useless unl??? ??t?d upon! Y?u w?nt t? start b? segmenting your customers int? general ????h?gr??hi? groups.It won’t be ?? clear-cut as ?l???if?ing ????l? ?? “millennials”, “f?m?l?”, ?r “$50k-100k ??r ???r”. But ??u will start t? ??? patterns b?tw??n like-minded customers, ?u?h as similar ?mbiti?n?, ?truggl??, ?r ?ri?riti??.Do your b??t t? develop a bu??r ??r??n? f?r each of the big g?n?r?l gr?u?? ??u’v? uncovered. Y?u might only n??d to ?r??t? ?n? ?r you m?? n??d ??v?r?l, d???nding ?n ??ur sample ?iz? and the diversity ?f ??ur ?u?t?m?r?/wh?t they u?? ??ur product t? solve.L?t m? w?lk ??u thr?ugh ?n ?x?m?l?.S?gm?nting into Buyer P?r??n??Let’s ??? ??u surveyed 150 people ?nd r??liz?d th?r? are tw? m?in groups:On? th?t u??? your product t? fr?? u? time f?r entrepreneurial side ?r?j??t?, and ?n? th?t uses it to im?r??? their b??? and get a r?i??.Th??? ?r? two different ???ir?ti?n? you w?nt t? ?????l to; Tw? buyer ??r??n??.Now ?u????? th?r? ?r? 84 entrepreneurs and 66 ?m?l?????; you w?uld m?k? th? entrepreneur gr?u? your ?rim?r? focus since there are m?r? ?f th?m.Here’s John. J?hn i? an ?ntr??r?n?ur. He represents the 84 entrepreneurs ??u ?urv???d. His bigg??t ???ir?ti?n (?nd the m??t common ???ir?ti?n ?f th? 84 ?ntr??r?n?ur? ?urv???d) i? to gr?w hi? ?id? bu?in??? into hi? full-tim? job.But h? (?nd his peers) ?truggl?? with finding th? tim? ?nd energy at the ?nd of the day t? put real ?ff?rt into hi? bu?in???. J?hn ?l?? ???nd? tim? on Link?dIn to n?tw?rk with colleagues and r??d? ?ubli??ti?n? lik? Inc. ?nd Entr??r?n?ur.B???d ?n those f?w ?h?rt ??r?gr??h?, d? you think you ??n im?r?v? your m?rk?ting?H?r?’? h?w it could h?l?:L et’s say ??u spend a t?n ?f m?n?? ?n F???b??k ads with littl? r?turn. Y?u n?w und?r?t?nd th?t J?hn spends time ?n LinkedIn, n?t F???b??k. So you ?hift m? marketing dollars t? LI.Additi?n?ll?, ??u kn?w th?t a guest post ?n Inc. ?r Entrepreneur would have a big influence ?n J?hn. It w?uld ?ut ??u on hi? r?d?r as a tru?tw?rth? ??m??n?.S?? h?w ????h?gr??hi?? improved your m?rk?ting n?w?S???king Y?ur Cu?t?m?r’? L?ngu?g?U?ing ??ur ?u?t?m?r’? ?wn w?rd? in your marketing is like ?triking g?ld. It ??n h?v? a major im???t ?n your conversions. Joel Kl?ttk?, a copywriter wh? helped HubS??t increase ??nv?r?i?n? n??rl? 100% u?ing ????h?gr??hi?? and ?l?? th? founder ?f Bu?in??? Casual Copywriting ??id th?t; “F?r ????, we n??d t? learn a f?w things:P?in pointsAnxieties (wh?t might keep th?m from bu?ing)D??ir?d ?ut??m?? (wh?t th?? w?nt)And m??t importantly, Pri?riti?? (as in, h?w im??rt?nt diff?r?nt f??tur??, b?n?fit? ?r ?ut??m?? ?r? to the leads we’re looking ?t)If w? ??n ?u?ntif? th??? ? u?lit?tiv? items, then we have a nice, ?l??n hi?r?r?h? f?r th? m????ging in our m?rk?ting.”If ??u kn?w 8 ?ut ?f 10 people in “X” d?m?gr??hi? f?und “Y” feature super im??rt?nt f?r “Z” r????n, ??u ??n ??mbin? that inf?rm?ti?n t? shape your unique value proposition and d??id? when ??u t?lk ?b?ut diff?r?nt ?l?m?nt? ?n your l?nding ??g? ?r in ??ur emails.Thi? m?? ???m lik? a l?t t? take in. As a ?r??ti??l ?x?m?l?, if ??u find th?? ?ri?ritiz? saving tim? to w?rk ?n th?ir ?id? business, thi? ?h?uld b? in th? titl? ?f your l?nding ??g?, n?t at the bottom.Th? features ?nd b?n?fit? ??m??ni?? think ?r? im??rt?nt are rarely ?v?r the ?n?? th?ir ?u?t?m?r? really find im??rt?nt.S?, wh?n ??u br??k l??d? d?wn int? ????h?gr??hi? segments and ??mbin? th?t with kn?wl?dg? ?f those 3 elements in a ?ri?ritiz?d list, you’ve g?t a ?l??r roadmap f?r marketing to th?t ??gm?nt and ??u can ?ull th? ????/w?rd? right ?ut ?f th??? ?u?t?m?r?’ r????n??? t? m?rk?t b??k t? them!S? if ?u?t?m?r? r????t ?dl? say thing? like “W? l?v? b?ing ?bl? t? funnel up insights to th? C-Suit?”, you ?t??l th?t language v?rb?tim to appeal to that ??gm?nt.”Boom!! E??? ?? that!!!PRACTICAL BENEFITS OF PSYCHOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATIONOn?? you have ????h?gr??hi? ??gm?nt?ti?n d?t?, ??u ??n use it to improve your m?rk?ting ?nd br?nding.Identify M?rk?ting ?nd Br?nd P??iti?ning O???rtuniti??Wh?n ??u know that a ??gm?nt of ??ur ?udi?n?? has a ????i?l psychographic trait, ??u can find ?l???? t? ?r?m?t? your br?nd where ??u know that audience ???nd? tim?. The Audi?n?? Ov?rl?? T??l also ??m?? in h?nd? for thi? research.You ??n ?nt?r in a ?it? that ??u kn?w ?????l? to ??ur ?udi?n??. For example, TOMS m?? ?nt?r v?g?n?hi?.??m t? find a v?ri?t? of ?th?r ?it?? th?t ?h?r? th? same ?udi?n?? that i? lik?l? t? b? interested in TOMS ?nd a v?g?n lif??t?l?.Th? ?it?? on th? list make for strong m?rk?ting ??rtn?r? and ?l???? th?t would b? id??l for ?dv?rti?ing ?nd ?r?m?ti?n?.Find Sit?? for Guest PostingKn?wing wh?t ?th?r w ?b?it?? appeal t? ??ur ?udi?n?? b???d ?n th?ir int?r??t? ?nd psychographic ??gm?nt?ti?n f??t?r? ?l?? help ??u find guest posting ????rtuniti??.U?ing th? report from the Audi?n?? Ov?rl?? Tool, ??u ??n find a v?ri?t? of sites where you ??n ???t ??nt?nt t? ??nn??t with ??ur id??l ?u?t?m?r?. The guest bl?gging sites d?n’t necessarily need t? be ?l???l? r?l?t?d to your indu?tr?. As l?ng as th?? ?r? ?l???l? r?l?t?d t? th? int?r??t? of your t?rg?t audience, th?? m?? be ideal ?l???? to ?r?m?t? ??nt?nt to reach ??ur id??l ?u?t?m?r?.Cr??t? Better ContentWh?n ??u intim?t?l? kn?w ??ur ?udi?n??, ??u are also better ??ui???d t? create content th?t connects with them. Y?u ??n outline a m?r? detailed bu??r’? journey when ??u deeply und?r?t?nd what your ?udi?n?? w?nt? ?nd n??d?.With a d?t?il?d ?ur?h??? funn?l, ??u can identify th? ??nt?nt th?t your target m?rk?t n??d? ?t each ?t?g? of the process.In the awareness and di???v?r? ?h???: When ??u kn?w your ideal ?u?t?m?r’? interests and n??d?, ??u can t?rg?t inf?rm?ti?n?l keywords ?nd find related k??w?rd? t? help th?m find your br?nd in search.In th? consideration ?nd evaluation ?h???: Wh?n ??u kn?w wh?t inf?rm?ti?n your target ?udi?n?? n??d? t? solve th?ir bigg??t problems, ??u ??n u?? MOFu m?rk?ting to ?r??t? g?t?d ??nt?nt th?t guid?? ?u?t?m?r? t? t?k? the next ?t?? t?w?rd connecting with ??ur brand (?nd provide ??u with v?lu?bl? l??d?).In th? ??nv?r?i?n ?nd purchase phase: Wh?n ??u know what t???? ?f products ??ur ?u?t?m?r w?nt? and n??d?, ??u can target buying k??w?rd? t? h?l? searchers find ??ur w?b?it?.Guiding ?u?t?m?r? thr?ugh th? buying d??i?i?n process i? mu?h easier wh?n ??u u?? psychographic segmentation t? id?ntif? th?ir wants and n??d? ?t ???h ?h???.Start L?v?r?ging P???h?gr??hi? S?gm?nt?ti?n in Y?ur Bu??r PersonasWh?n ??u ?r??t? d?t?il?d buyer ??r??n??, ??u g?in v?lu?bl? insights int? ??ur t?rg?t audience, which h?l?? ??u develop b?tt?r marketing campaigns and a more influ?nti?l br?nd.Th? ?r????? ?f using bu?? r ??r??n?? b???m?? even m?r? ??w?rful when ??u focus ?n psychographic ??gm?nt?ti?n.It ?ll?w? ??u t? ??nn??t with ?u?t?m?r? b???d ?n wh? they are, wh?t th?? b?li?v? in, ?nd what th?? care ?b?ut.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATIONSo wh?t ?r? some ways in whi?h ????h?gr??hi?? are utiliz?d to h?l? brands connect with ??t?nti?l prospects ?nd consumers?B?l?w are 3 examples that demonstrate th? v?ri?u? ?r??ti??l ???li??ti?n? ?f ????h?gr??hi? ??gm?nt?ti?n ??r??? ???ul?r m?rk?ting v?rti??l?.R?t?il Indu?tr?Marketers of r?t?il products ?u?h ?? vid?? game consoles, ?-r??d?r?, t?bl?t ??m?ut?r?, ?t?., t??i??ll? attempt t? id?ntif? their t?rg?t ?udi?n?? b???d ?n k?? d?m?gr??hi? d?t? points ?u?h as in??m?, ?du??ti?n level, numb?r (and ?g??) ?f ?hildr?n in th? household, etc.Whil? thi? has tr?diti?n?ll? b??n ?n adequate ?t?rting ??int f?r m??t marketing ??m??ign?, it f?il? t? ?r?vid? brands with any inf?rm?ti?n in t?rm? of wh? a ??n?um?r w?uld want to ?ur?h??? a giv?n product.P???h? gr??hi? ??gm?nt?ti?n identifies the various psychological differences between purchasers, enabling m?rk?t?r? t? ?r??t? gr?nul?r consumer profiles th?t highlight th? v?ri?u? priorities ?nd motives b?hind their bu?ing d??i?i?n?. F?r example:On? h?u??h?ld may ?ll?w their ?hildr?n to spend m?r? tim? u?ing electronic devices b???u?? they feel th?t it is im??rt?nt to ?x???? their children t? n?w f?rm? ?f technology. In ????h?gr??hi??, thi? t??? ?f household might f?ll und?r th? consumer ?r?fil? ?f an “enabler,” b???u?? th?? ?r? ?n??ur?ging m?r? fr??u?nt u?? ?f ?l??tr?ni?? for th?ir ?hildr?n.On th? ?th?r h?nd, ?n?th?r h?u??h?ld might f??l it i? important t? limit ??r??n time f?r th? sake of focusing ?n f?mil? int?r??ti?n. Thi? h?u??h?ld might also f??l that technology ?h?uld ?rim?ril? b? u??d f?r ?du??ti?n?l purposes rather than ju?t purely f?r ?nt?rt?inm?nt. In ????h?gr??hi? t?rm?, th? ?r?fil? th?t might b? created f?r thi? t??? ?f consumer w?uld b? that ?f a “limit?r.”Whil? the e nd result for ???h consumer profile i? b??i??ll? g?ing t? be th? same â€" i.e., th?? will ?ur?h??? an electronic d?vi??th?ir ????h?gr??hi? inf?rm?ti?n r?v??l? significantly different m?tiv?ti?n? for each ?ur?h???.Therein li?? th? power of psychographic ??gm?nt?ti?n: It allows marketers to fin?-tun? th?ir m????ging in ?rd?r t? ?????l t? th? v?lu?? ?nd ?ri?riti?? ?f ???h di?tin?t subgroup.Tr?v?l IndustryAr? ??u tr?v?ling f?r bu?in??? or pleasure? This famous question h?? been asked by ??untl??? ?u?t?m? agents all across th? gl?b?, ?nd it is a ??rf??t example of a ????h?gr??hi? inquiry in action.As you w?ll kn?w, there is a w?rld ?f diff?r?n?? b?tw??n g?ing ?n a bu?in??? tri? and t?king a v???ti?n, but even within th??? di?tin?t ??t?g?ri?? there are multi?l? ?h?d?? of v?ri?ti?n in t?rm? ?f wh? ??m??n? would choose t? tr?v?l.F?r ?x?m?l?, und?r the br??d b?nn?r of “l?i?ur? tri??,” you might find tr?v?l?r? wh? ?r? l??king for a n?w ?dv?ntur? versus those wh? ?r? just tr?ing t? get ?w? ? for ??m? much-needed respite.Using psychographic segmentation, br?nd? ??n drill down further t? id?ntif? ??t?nti?l m?tiv?? f?r various tr?v?l ?l?n?, ?? th?t th?? ??n ?u?t?miz? their ??m??ign m????g?? (?nd travel packages) to m?t?h th? d??ir??, ?ri?riti?? and ?r?f?r?n??? ?f their t?rg?t audience.H??lth??r? IndustryTh? healthcare indu?tr? has f???d significant ?h?ll?ng?? in t?rm? ?f fostering ?ng?g?m?nt ?nd encouraging h??lthi?r lif??t?l?? ?m?ng ??ti?nt?, and this has ?rim?ril? b??n du? t? a l??k of adequate ?udi?n?? ?r?filing ?nd t?rg?ting t??hni?u?? and methodologies.A? P?w?ll ?nd T??? have ??int?d ?ut, ??n?um?r segmentation based on demographic f??t?r? (?.g., age, socioeconomic ?t?tu?, gender, ?t?.) in?t??d ?f th?ir psychological and/or b?h?vi?r?l ?h?r??t?ri?ti?? tends t? d?liv?r lackluster results, b???u?? it f?il? to ?ddr??? th? m?n? int?rn?l factors th?t can have a ??rv??iv? effect on ??ti?nt behavior.U?ing ????h?gr??hi? segmentation, healthcare ?r?vid?r?, h???it?l?, health ?? ?t?m?, h??lth insurance ??rri?r?, and other indu?tr? participants ??n group ??t?nti?l h??lth??r? ??n?um?r? ????rding t? th?ir k?? b?li?f? and ?r?f?r?n???, ?u?h as individu?l? wh?:R?l? h??vil? upon th? r???mm?nd?ti?n? ?nd ??ini?n? ?f th?ir h??lth??r? ?r?f???i?n?l;T?nd t? ?ri?ritiz? th? h??lth and well-being of ?th?r? ?v?r th?ir own;Ar? proactive in r?f?r?n?? t? ???king inf?rm?ti?n ?nd guidance to promote their h??lth ?nd wellness;B?li?v? in (?r r?j??t) the validity ?f naturopathic ?r h?li?ti? medicine;D?m?n?tr?t? a variety of ?th?r m?tiv?ti?n?, beliefs ?nd/?r ?ri?riti??.With the help ?f ????h?gr??hi? ??gm?nt?ti?n, m?rk?t?r? ??n ?u?t?miz? th?ir m????ging t? b?tt?r ??nn??t with ???h ?n? ?f the above consumer ?r?fil??, which will in turn boost ?ng?g?m?nt ?nd promote increased adoption ?f h??lth??r?-r?l?t?d ?r?du?t? ?nd ??rvi???.The ???li??ti?n of ????h?gr??hi? ??gm?nt?ti?n ?l?? ?xt?nd? b???nd m?rk?ting t? clinical ??r?. Progressive ?r?vid?r? have u??d ????h?gr??hi? ??gm?nt?ti?n t? m?tiv ?t? ??ti?nt? to take th? ???r??ri?t? steps f??ilit?ting r???v?r? ???t-h???it?l di??h?rg?.F?r example, M?????hu??tt? G?n?r?l H???it?l has u??d ????h?gr??hi? ??gm?nt?ti?n with automated, digital ??mmuni??ti?n? t? r?du?? hospital r??dmi??i?n? f?ll?wing a t??? ?f spinal ?urg?r?.As you ??n see, ????h?gr??hi? ??gm?nt?ti?n applications in th??? v?ri?u? indu?tri?? ?ll have a ?imil?r aim: To help m?rk?t?r? ?nd br?nd? b?tt?r understand the ????h?l?gi??l makeup ?f th?ir t?rg?t ?udi?n??.By doing ??, bu?in????? can d??ign m?rk?ting messages th?t will b?tt?r r???n?t? with th? ????l? th??r? tr?ing t? reach, producing ?ff??tiv? r??ult? ?n both sides of th? tr?n???ti?n.FINAL WORDSD? ??u ??? h?w ????h?gr??hi? ??gm?nt?ti?n ??n h?v? a massive im???t on your bu?in???? Un??v?ring ambitions reveal ??ur ?u?t?m?r?’ bigg??t m?tiv?ti?n?. Th?? lit?r?ll? t?ll you, word f?r w?rd, h?w to sell them.Th?? ?v?n give you th? ?x??t w?rd? th?? u?? t? d???rib? th?ir f??r? ?nd problems. Use that language in ??ur m?rk?ti ng campaigns!Finally, g? wh?r? your customers g?. If th??’r? ?n Pint?r??t ?nd ??u’r? m?rk?ting ?n In?t?gr?m, jum? ?hi?. P???h?gr??hi?? will r?v??l thi? as w?ll.

Essay on Personality Analysis - 971 Words

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss characteristics of my personality. The main focus of this paper will be how my personality has developed over time. As I age and encounter new and different experiences, my personality has adapted and developed further. This paper will give an in-depth exploration into the people and events that have influenced my personality. Personality is defined as â€Å"a) the sum total of the physical, mental, emotional, and social characteristics of an individual. b) the organized pattern of behavioral characteristics of the individual† (Dictionary.com, 2010). Whether we realize it or not, personality defines us as people. There are many facets to my personality,†¦show more content†¦I had to step out of my comfort zone and do what needed to be done in order to reach my goals. On the graduate level, I find that it is easier to be an introvert and participate. Once the human element is taken away, I can find myself being open. 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Essay Uncle Toms Cabin as written by Harriet Beecher Stowe

Uncle Toms Cabin as written by Harriet Beecher Stowe The novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin as written by Harriet Beecher Stowe and published in the United States in 1852. The novel depicted slavery as a moral evil and was the cause of much controversy at the time long after. Uncle Tom’s Cabin had impact on various groups publics. It caused outrage in the South and received praise in the North. It is in opinions and historical movements that the impact of this novel can be justified and shows how its publication was a turning point which helped bring about the Civil War. When Abraham Lincoln met Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 after the beginning of the American Civil War, he supposedly said to her, â€Å" So you’re the little woman that†¦show more content†¦Stowe convinced readers that the institution of slavery itself was evil, because it supported people like Legree and enslaved people like Uncle Tom. Because of her work, thousands rallied to the anti-slavery cause. 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The image of brutal whippings, rape, and the splitting of families broke down the hearts of people in the eighteenth century. Her writing influenced thousands to become a great phenomenon, take a stand, and change the world. Harriet Beecher Stowe lived much ofRead MoreTerm Paper1494 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause Matthiessen did not appreciate women writers of the nineteenth century does not mean that others have to follow in his footsteps; which is why this is an appreciation essay to two nineteenth century female writers: Catherine Sedgwick and Harriet Beecher Stowe. Catharine Maria Sedgwick was born December 28, 1789 in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. In childhood, Sedgwick was cared for by a former slave and as a young woman, Sedgwick attended a private school where girls are prepared for entry into fashionable

Enzyme Structure and Functions Free Essays

ENZYME STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS: Enzymes are biological catalysts. They increase the rate of reactions by a factor of between 106 to 1012 times, allowing the chemical reactions that make life possible to take place at normal temperatures Definition of enzyme: A protein with catalytic properties due to its power of specific activation is defined as an enzyme. STRUCTURE Enzymes are proteins their function depends on its complexity. We will write a custom essay sample on Enzyme Structure and Functions: or any similar topic only for you Order Now The reaction takes place in a small part of the enzyme called the active site, while the rest of the protein acts as â€Å"scaffolding†. The shape and the chemical environment inside the active site permits a chemical reaction to proceed more easily Many enzymes need cofactors (or coenzymes) to work properly. Tightly bound cofactors are called prosthetic groups Cofactors that are bound and released easily are called coenzymes These can be metal ions (such as Fe2+, Mg2+, Cu2+) or organic molecules (such as haem, biotin, FAD, NAD or coenzyme A). Many of these are derived from dietary vitamins, which is why they are so important. The complete active enzyme with its cofactor is called a holoenzyme, while just the protein part without its cofactor is called the apoenzyme. HW DOES AN ENZYME WORK? 1) REACTION MECHANISM 2) MOLECULAR GEOMETRY REACTION MECHANISM: In any chemical reaction, a substrate (S) is converted into a product (P) In an enzyme-catalysed reaction, the substrate first binds to the active site of the enzyme to form an enzyme-substrate (ES) complex, then the substrate is converted into product whilst attached to the enzyme, and finally the product is released, thus allowing the enzyme to start all over again An example is the action of the enzyme sucrase hydrolysing sucrose into glucose and fructose. MOLECULAR GEOMETRY The substrate molecule is complementary in shape to that of the active site. It was thought that the substrate exactly fitted into the active site of the enzyme molecule like a key fitting into a lock (the now discredited ‘lock and key’ theory). This explains enzyme specificity This explains the loss of activity when enzymes denature The Induced Fit Hypothesis  : * Some proteins can change their shape (conformation) When a substrate combines with an enzyme, it induces a change in the enzyme’s conformation * The active site is then moulded into a precise conformation * Making the chemical environment suitable for the reaction * The bonds of the substrate are stretched to make the reaction easier (lowers activation energy) ENERGY CHANGES  : Energy needed for initial reaction is known as ACTIVATION ENERGY. The larger the activation energy is, the slower the reaction will be. This is because only a few substrate molecules will have sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy barrier. Enzymes reduce the activation energy of a reaction so that the kinetic energy of most molecules exceeds the activation energy required and so they can react. Factors affecting Enzymes substrate concentration pH temperature enzyme concentration inhibitors SUBSTARTE CONCENTRATION The rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction is also affected by substrate concentration. As the substrate concentration increases, the rate increases because more substrate molecules can collide with active sites, so more enzyme-substrate complexes form. At higher concentrations the enzyme molecules become saturated with substrate, and there are few free active sites, so adding more substrate doesn’t make much difference The maximum rate at infinite substrate concentration is called vmax, and the substrate concentration that gives a rate of half vmax is called KM. These quantities are useful for characterising an enzyme. A good enzyme has a high vmax and a low KM. pH Enzymes have an optimum pH at which they work fastest. For most enzymes this is about pH 7-8 (normal body pH), but a few enzymes can work at extreme pH. The pH affects the charge of the amino acids at the active site, so the properties of the active site change and the substrate can no longer bind. TEMPERATURE: Enzymes have an optimum temperature at which they work fastest. For mammalian enzymes this is about 40 °C. Up to the optimum temperature the rate increases geometrically with temperature. Above the optimum temperature the rate decreases as more of the enzyme molecules denature. The thermal energy breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the secondary and tertiary structure of the enzyme together, so the enzyme loses its shape Q10 (the temperature coefficient) = the increase in reaction rate with a 10 °C rise in temperature. ENZYME CONCENTRATION As the enzyme concentration increases the rate of the reaction also increases, because there are more enzyme molecules (and so more active sites), available to catalyse the reaction therefore more enzyme-substrate complexes form INHIBITORS Inhibitors inhibit the activity of enzymes, reducing the rate of their reactions. 2 TYPES: Competitive and non competitive COMPETITIVE: A competitive inhibitor molecule has a similar structure to the substrate molecule, and so it can fit into the active site of the enzyme. It therefore competes with the substrate for the active site, so the reaction is slower. Increasing the concentration of substrate restores the reaction rate and the inhibition is usually temporary and reversible. NON COMPETITIVE: A non-competitive inhibitor molecule is quite different in structure from the substrate and does not fit into the active site. It binds to another part of the enzyme molecule, changing the shape of the whole enzyme, including the active site, so that it can no longer bind substrate molecules. Non-competitive inhibitors therefore simply reduce the amount of active enzyme. How to cite Enzyme Structure and Functions:, Essay examples

Leadership for Sustainability of the Health System- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLeadership for Sustainability of the Health System. Answer: Leadership exists at the governance, management and clinical care levels of healthcare. Various researches show that the quality of leadership is a major factor affecting individuals. Key considerations include contentment, trust, commitment, efficacy, values and the internal climate of an organization. (Bell et al. 2004; Burke et al.2006; DeGroot, Kiker Cross 2000; Dirks Ferrin 2002; Gerstner Day 1997; Kouzes Posner 2007). The critical role is in the steering of an objective to completion (Avolio, Wlaumba Weber 2009; Kouzes Posner 2007). A study was done on 1300 hospitals based in Europe and the United States and t was indicated that leadership is pivotal. The health outcome is dependent on good management and clinically competent leadership (Dorgan et al. 2010). In the United Kingdom, the health workforce is anchored on leadership especially on higher managerial ranks. Patients complaints also reduce with good performance indices (CQC 2011). Clinicians take the pole positon in leadership rather than flooding the helm of clinical management with clinicians. Clinical governance is seen in management, decision making and encouraging of the peers by steering innovation and upholding relevant trends that favor results. The course of this can be achieved through embedding developmental leadership in upgrading quality, security or a vibrant healthcare training. Participation of clinicians in the substance of leadership and management is critical in order to save costs and solving of clinical problems. Errs in decision making and control of the clinical structure occur from bogus management that is resource management and budgeting is left to senior clinicians while very senior colleagues have limited leadership capability. Effective leadership greatly improves nurse retention rates and does reduce the nursing turnover. Practice involves loads of work and increased propensity to burnout and truancy for which the managerial team employs staffing to manage (Duffield et al., 2008). The nursing workplace reports productivity in a well set leadership system with proper protocols to conflict resolution, performance appraisal, collective motivation and inspiration of nurses at all cadres (Duffield et al., 2008; Eddy et al., 2009; Frandsen, 2009). References Health Workforce Australia (2012). Leadership for the Sustainability of the Health System: Part 1-A Literature Review. Health Workforce Australia. Adelaide, Australia. Retrieved from;https://www.hwa.gov.au/sites/uploads/leadership-for-sustainability-of-health-sector-literaturereview-012012.pdf Health Workforce Australia (2012). Leadership for the Sustainability of the Health System: Part 1-A Literature Review. Health Workforce Australia. Adelaide, Australia. Retrieved from;https://www.hwa.gov.au/sites/uploads/leadership-for-sustainability-of-health-sector-keyinformant-012012.pdf Nelsey, L., Brownie, S. (2012). Effective leadership, teamwork and mentoring ssss Essential elements in promoting generational cohesion in the nursing workforce and retaining nurses. Collegian 19(4), 197-202

Battle Between Corruption And Stability Essays -

Battle Between Corruption and Stability Annonymous Nathaniel Hawthorne's background influenced him to write the bold novel The Scarlet Letter. One important influence on the story is money. Hawthorne had never made much money as an author and the birth of his first daughter added to the financial burden (Biographical Note VII). He received a job at the Salem Custom House only to lose it three years later and be forced to write again to support his family (IX). Consequently, The Scarlet Letter was published a year later (IX). It was only intended to be a long short story, but the extra money a novel would bring in was needed (Introduction XVI). Hawthorne then wrote an introduction section titled The Custom House to extend the length of the book and The Scarlet Letter became a full novel (XVI). In addition to financial worries, another influence on the story is Hawthorne's rejection of his ancestors. His forefathers were strict Puritans, and John Hathorne, his great-great-grandfather, was a judge presiding during the S! alem witch trials (Biographical Note VII). Hawthorne did not condone their acts and actually spent a great deal of his life renouncing the Puritans in general (VII). Similarly, The Scarlet Letter was a literal soapbox for Hawthorne to convey to the world that the majority of Puritans were strict and unfeeling. For example, before Hester emerges from the prison she is being scorned by a group of women who feel that she deserves a larger punishment than she actually receives. Instead of only being made to stand on the scaffold and wear the scarlet letter on her chest, they suggest that she have it branded on her forehead or even be put to death (Hawthorne 51). Perhaps the most important influence on the story is the author's interest in the dark side (Introduction VIII). Unlike the transcendentalists of the era, Hawthorne confronted reality, rather than evading it (VII). Likewise, The Scarlet Letter deals with adultery, a subject that caused much scandal when it w! as first published (XV). The book revolves around sin and punish ment, a far outcry from writers of the time, such as Emerson and Thoreau, who dwelt on optimistic themes (VII). This background, together with a believable plot, convincing characterization, and important literary devices enables Nathaniel Hawthorne in The Scarlet Letter to the develop the theme of the heart as a prison. The scaffold scenes are the most substantial situations in the story because they unify The Scarlet Letter in two influential ways. First of all, every scaffold scene reunites the main characters of the novel. In the first scene, everyone in the town is gathered in the market place because Hester is being questioned about the identity of the father of her child ( Hawthorne 52). In her arms is the product of her sin, Pearl, a three month old baby who is experiencing life outside the prison for the first time (53). Dimmesdale is standing beside the scaffold because he is Hester's pastor and it is his job to convince her to repent and reveal the father's name (65). A short time later, Chillingworth unexpectedly shows up within the crowd of people who are watching Hester after he is released from his two year captivity by the Indians (61). In the second scene, Dimmesdale is standing on top of the scaffold alone in the middle of the night (152). He sees Hester and Pearl wal! k through the market place on their way back from Governor Winthrop's bedside (157). When Dimmesdale recognizes them and tells them to join him, they walk up the steps to stand by his side (158). Chillingworth appears later standing beside the scaffold, staring at Dimmesdale, Hester, and Pearl. In the final scaffold scene, Dimmesdale walks to the steps of the scaffold in front of the whole town after his Election day sermon (263). He tells Hester and Pearl to join him yet again on the scaffold (264). Chillingworth then runs through the crowd and tries to stop Dimmesdale from reaching the top of the scaffold, the one place where he can't reach him (265). Another way in which the scenes are united is how each illustrates the immediate, delayed, and prolonged effects that the sin of adultery has on the main characters. The first scene shows Hester being publicly punished on the scaffold (52). She is being forced to stand on it for three hours straight and listen to peop! le talk about her as a disgrace and a shame to the community (55) . Dimmesdale's instantaneous response to the sin is to lie. He

Critical Study of the Aetiology and Pathogenesis of Infantile Glaucoma The WritePass Journal

Critical Study of the Aetiology and Pathogenesis of Infantile Glaucoma Introduction Critical Study of the Aetiology and Pathogenesis of Infantile Glaucoma IntroductionEpidemiology of Primary Infantile Glaucoma Signs, Symptoms and Consequences of Primary Infantile GlaucomaPathology, Pathogeneses and Causes of Primary Infantile GlaucomaOptic Cup Asymmetry in Primary Infantile Glaucoma Secondary infantile glaucomaReferencesRelated Introduction The incidence of glaucoma in the young population is incomparable to the incidence in the adult population, as it is very rare in infants, nevertheless it can significantly affect a child’s life, as vision is vital for a young child. Signs and symptoms of infantile glaucoma can commonly be overlooked and this can cause a delay to the treatment process. The underlying causes of infantile glaucoma have been agreed upon by most authors, however the exact mechanism by which the structures in the young eye are affected are debatable. As well as primary infantile glaucoma, young children can also be affected by secondary infantile glaucoma, which again can significantly impact a young child’s life. This paper looks at the classifications, epidemiology, signs, symptoms, aetiology and pathogenesis of primary infantile glaucoma, as well as touching upon the causes of secondary infantile glaucoma. ‘Glaucoma is an Optic neuropathy with characteristic appearances of the optic disc and specific pattern of visual field defects that is associated frequently but not variably with raised intra-ocular pressure (IOP)’ (Kanski, 2003). The ciliary processes of the eye produce aqueous humor; this is then drained by the trabecular meshwork; Figure 1. A balance of this production and drainage maintains a normal IOP. The aqueous humor produced flows into the posterior chamber, then through the pupil and into the anterior chamber. The trabecular meshwork drains the aqueous humor through Schlemm’s canal. Open angle glaucoma occurs when there is a decrease in the outflow of aqueous through the trabecular meshwork, and angle closure glaucoma occurs when the iris adheres to the lens leading to a build-up of aqueous humor in the posterior chamber   (Kanski, 2003). In addition to open and closed angle glaucoma there are other types of glaucoma which are classified in Figure 2. There are several classifications of congenital and infantile glaucomas, the most accepted and simplified version is presented in figure 3. Primary infantile glaucoma is defined as ‘the result of isolated abnormal development of the anterior chamber angle structures’ (Myron Yanoff, 2009) Secondary infantile glaucomas are ‘associated with a variety of ocular and systemic syndromes and with surgical aphakia’ (Myron Yanoff, 2009). Primary congenital glaucoma is present at birth however it is not always recognised at this stage and sometimes it is diagnosed later during infancy or in early childhood. To minimise problematic visual development, recognition of primary congenital glaucoma must be as early as possible followed by respective treatment or therapy, allowing the child to lead a ‘normal’ life (A.Armstrong, 2008). Glaucoma in infants and young children is relatively rare and in some cases asymptomatic (Kanski, 2003). And so, if an increase in IOP is not detected at an early stage then there is a greater risk of blindness (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Some cases of glaucoma in infants are only recognised and diagnosed after several months or years at which stage sometimes significant glaucomatous damage has already occurred (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Most cases will present bilaterally nevertheless this does not rule out the fact that it can sometimes present unilaterally   (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Epidemiology of Primary Infantile Glaucoma Primary infantile glaucoma is extremely rare and occurs in one out of 10,000 births (MillerSJ, 1966). It accounts for 0.01% to 0.04% of cases of total blindness (A.Armstrong, 2008) (Vincent P Deluise, 1983) In the Irish childhood population primary open angle glaucoma is the cause of blindness for 4% of the population. (Morin JD, 1974) The majority of cases in the US and Europe present with bilateral primary infantile glaucoma; 65%-80% (Moller, 1977). It is also well-known that it occurs greater in males compared to females with a ratio of 3:2 respectively (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). This is proven by a study with 125 infants from Westerlund, 76 of whom were male i.e. nearly 61% were males (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). On the other hand in Japan, this is no longer true and the ratio is actually reversed (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). In another study based in Japan out of 46 children with primary infantile glaucoma 63% were actually female (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). In the majority of cases the development of primary infantile glaucoma is found to sporadic, and so it is non-familial and nonhereditary, but approximately 10% of cases are familial, transmitted to the child via autosomal recessive inheritance (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Signs, Symptoms and Consequences of Primary Infantile Glaucoma Children are commonly referred to the Ophthalmologist due to clinical evidence of corneal oedema. Primary infantile glaucoma is commonly misdiagnosed, hence causing a delay in the correct diagnosis, as it may initially show symptoms similar to conjunctivitis such as a ‘red eye’ (Becker B, 1965). There will also be evidence of the classic triage; epiphora, blepharospasm and photophobia. (Becker B, 1965). Further examination will reveal megalocornea (enlarged corneal diameter), buphthalmos (enlarged globe), Haab’s striae (breaks in Descemet’s membrane) and optic nerve head changes (Becker B, 1965). Buphthalmos; figure 4, or ocular enlargement, occurs in primary infantile glaucoma because the globe of neonates is still distensible (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Collagen of the cornea and scleral have not hardened enough, so expansion of the fibrils occurs due to an increase in IOP (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). This therefore causes stretching to occur in several structures of the infant eye; such as the cornea, the anterior chamber angle, the sclera, the optic nerve, scleral canal and the lamina cribrosa (Becker B, 1965). This explains why ocular enlargement due to glaucoma does not occur in adults, as the globe is no longer distensible and collagen fibres of the cornea are sclera are hardened hence expansion doesn’t occur in adults. It is agreed that delayed therapy of infants with glaucoma, will result in a poor visual outcome for the infant, which could have been prevented or at least minimised. To understand why some infants had more advanced glaucoma than others; a study with 24 infants and children was conducted (David J. Seidman MD1, 3 March 1986). Their signs and symptoms were noted. The parents of the infant were asked to indicate whether they had noticed either epiphora or photophobia and only 32% said their infant had these symptoms. A small 21% of infants presented with only signs of glaucoma, noticed by the parents but no symptoms. And finally the majority of infants, 90%, actually did have signs when presenting to the physician. It has been noted that signs of infantile glaucoma are more difficult to notice when it is bilateral, as in all 3 cases where the physicians failed several times to refer the infant to an ophthalmologist the glaucoma was in fact bilateral   (David J. Seidman MD1, 3 March 1 986). A normal value for the corneal diameter of a neonate is approximately 10mm, an increase to 12mm or greater, along with expansion of the corneal-scleral junction, is usually due to increased IOP (Kwitko, 1973). Enlargement of the cornea due to an increase in IOP is most likely to occur up to the age of three (Scheie, 1955) after which the sclera may become deformed up to age ten (Mann, 1957). Breaks occur in the endothelium and Descemet’s membrane due to the increase in IOP which also causes stretching in these layers (Vincent P Deluise, 1983).   ‘Haab’s striae form as endothelial cells lay down new basements membrane (Descemet’s membrane) and hyaline ridges develop. Breaks in Descemet’s membrane from increased IOP rarely occur after age three’ (Vincent P Deluise, 1983).   Increased IOP also causes slow expansion of the sclera of the neonate. A ‘bluish’ scleral appearance is seen due to thinning of the sclera, causing the choro id to be more apparent (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). As the neonate becomes older and growth occurs the expansion of the sclera no longer occurs due to a build-up of extracellular connective tissue (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Even if the IOP decreases back to a value within normal the globe does not usually return to normal size (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Studies have shown that myopia and astigmatism are the consequence of an increase in the axial length of the globe, figure 5 (Robin AL, 1979). Robin et al also found that ‘In contrast to adult eyes, the scleral canal in children apparently enlarges with high IOP. Thus, disk cup size increase in children could occur from neural tissue loss, from scleral canal enlargement, or from a combination of the two processes’ (Robin AL, 1979). ‘Myopic astigmatism and anisometropia are particularly common in cases of unilateral or asymmetric primary infantile glaucoma’ (Vincent P Deluise, 1983).   A study carried out by Broughton and Parks found that all of their patients with unilateral primary infantile glaucoma had anisometropia; on the affected side an average difference of 4.93D of myopia was found (Broughton WL, 1981 May). Optic nerve changes which occur in adults with glaucoma are very different to the optic nerve changes which occur in children with glaucoma. At first Becker Shaffer initially thought that cupping in primary infantile glaucoma was a process which was gradual however it was soon discovered that optic nerve changes in primary infantile glaucoma could also occur early and rapidly (Becker B, 1965). In adults with optic nerve changes which occur due to an increase in IOP the change is very unlikely to be reversible, however in infants optic nerve cupping which occurs due to an increase in IOP can be reversed once the IOP is returned back to normal (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). The most accepted and most reasonable hypothesis which aims to explain why cupping is reversible in neonates is based on the fact that the connective tissue of the lamina cribrosa is not matured (Quigley, 1977 Sep). However there are cases when even though the pressure has decreased back to normal the Optic nerve head damage does not reverse, this is due to one of two reasons. Firstly it is possible that some of the stretching is permanent ‘with remoulding of the connective tissue’   (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Secondly it could be due to ‘a loss of glial and axons’ (Vincent P Deluise, 1983).   ‘Adult optic nerve heads with their dense connective tissue investments are more resistant to remoulding, indicating that cupping is caused by permanent loss of glia and axons’ (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Pathology, Pathogeneses and Causes of Primary Infantile Glaucoma The explanation for the increase in IOP in primary infantile glaucoma has been described using Barkan’s membrane theory. This theory is based on the fact that the anterior chamber angle is covered by a thin and imperforate membrane, which inhibits aqueous outflow, which in turn leads to raised IOP (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). According to the theory, this raised IOP is treated by goniotomy when the surface tissue of this membrane is detached, and so â€Å"the peripheral iris falls posteriorly,† subsequently there is aqueous outflow and a decrease in IOP (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Worst also agreed with the Barkan membrane theory, â€Å"†¦in congenital glaucoma the chamber angle is filled with a band of persistent mesodermal tissue (persistent uveal meshwork or persistent pectinate ligament). This tissue completely covers the fetal corneoscleral system, but is not the cause of the obstruction to aqueous outflow in its own right. It is the presence of an imperforate surface layer on this persistent mesodermal tissue, which is the only cause of obstructed outflow. This surface membrane, Barkans membrane, is probably an endothelial surface, which normally breaks apart, but which persists in congenital glaucoma† (Worst, April 1968). There is no well supported histopathologic evidence to support Barkan’s membrane theory, despite this Worst still believes that the theory along with its concepts are valid, he says â€Å"though histopathologic proof of this structure is almost completely lacking†¦this has little influence on the probability th at this concept is valid† (Worst, April 1968). So if Barkan’s membrane theory has insufficient evidence to explain the cause of an increase in IOP in congenital glaucoma, then what is the alternative? There is some histopathologic evidence which aims to explain in detail the anterior chamber angle and its histopathology in infants with primary infantile glaucoma see Figure 6 (Vincent P Deluise, 1983). Anderson thoroughly researched the development of the trabecular meshwork in infantile glaucoma. He said that earlier thoughts were that â€Å"the anterior chamber recess deepens by atrophy of the rarified tissue that in the earlier stage separated the trabecular meshwork and ciliary body.† He then confirmed that later thoughts highlighted the function of cleavage into the loose tissue, as there was no proof of atrophy (D.R.Anderson, 1981). These views may have seemed correct at the time however, evidence has proven that cleavage or atrophy are not the only explanations of the process of development. Both cleavage and atrophy would cause the uveal tract to become fragmented from the shell of the cornea and sclera as well as the tissue of the trabeculae (Fig 7A) (D.R.Anderson, 1981). This would result in extension of the ciliary muscle to the peripheral iris and on the posterior surface of the peripheral iris would be the ciliary processes (D.R.Anderson, 1981). However this does not actually occur, in fact the ciliary muscle and the ciliary processes continue to adhere to the envelope of the cornea and sclera although compared to their earlier position they do become depressed (Fig 7B) (D.R.Anderson, 1981). Anderson found that there is an overlay of the ciliary muscle in particular the ciliary processes over the trabecular meshwork; however they are subsequently depressed behind the scleral spur (D.R.Anderson, 1981). He found that â€Å"This repositioning can be explained only by a posterior sliding of the uveal tissues in relation to the cornea and sclera, presumably due to a differential growth rate of the various tissue elements† (D.R.Anderson, 1981). He concluded that this course of repositioning was not simply due to the â€Å"sliding of the uveal tract along the inner side of the sclera. There is also a repositioning of the various layers within the uveal tract in relation to one another: initially the innermost muscle fibers have a position relatively more anterior than the outermost fibers† (D.R.Anderson, 1981) Anderson also found that compared to the ciliary muscle the ciliary processes are at first a lot more frontward, as time passes both become level behind the scleral spur and meshwork (D.R.Anderson, 1981). So, far it has been established that primary infantile glaucoma occurs because the anterior chamber does not develop normally. At what stage of development do these changes or lack of changes occur? It has been noted that at week twelve of development â€Å"a wedge shaped mass of mesenchyme can be identified at the anterior chamber angle i.e. at the junction of the papillary membrane and the lateral margins of the cornea. Within this wedge shaped portion of the tissue there is a row of small capillaries, which are lined with mesoderm-derived vascular endothelial cells† (A.Armstrong, 2008). At the beginning of the fifth month â€Å"early trabeculae are apparent separated by intervening spaces† (A.Armstrong, 2008) subsequently the capillaries fuse to form the canal of Schlemm, this is continuous with the collector channels as well as the scleral vessels (A.Armstrong, 2008). â€Å"The meshwork becomes specialised into inner uveal trabeculae, numerous intermediate layers of lamellar corneoscleral trabeculae, and a more loosely organised cribriform meshwork† (A.Armstrong, 2008). The inner surface of the meshwork is lined with cuboidal cells, perforations of these cells occur onwards from 15 weeks (A.Armstrong, 2008). Communication between the meshwork and the anterior chamber occur via these cuboidal cells (A.Armstrong, 2008). Between the sixth and ninth month development of the anterior chamber occurs (A.Armstrong, 2008). It presents â€Å"as a chink in the mesoderm between the iris root and the developing trabeculum. If the mesoderm does not entirely regres s in this region, an impervious layer may remain bridging the angle between the iris and the cornea and which impedes access of aqueous to the trabecular meshwork† (A.Armstrong, 2008). Figure 8: Comparision of optic cup asymmetry in normal infants with unilateral glaucoma infants. Taken from (Richardson, April 1968) Optic Cup Asymmetry in Primary Infantile Glaucoma It has been established that chronic open angle glaucoma is found to be bilateral and symmetrical to a certain extent, however some meticulous studies may find that there is somewhat of asymmetry in the cupping of the optic discs (Richardson, April 1968). Nevertheless the asymmetry of the discs can be used to diagnose early signs of glaucoma (Richardson, April 1968). Although optic disc cupping is assessed in infantile glaucoma it is not used as prominently compared to chronic open angle glaucoma (Richardson, April 1968). One of the reasons for this is due to the obvious fact that it is not as easy to conduct ophthalmoscopy in infants especially with added factors such as hazy corneas, miotic pupils (Richardson KT, 1966). It is also a common misconception that cupping in the optic nerve occurs at a very late stage and so it is no longer relevant to aid diagnosis (Richardson, April 1968). The opposite is actually true, as changes to the optic disc in infantile glaucoma occur relatively early on, hence valuable factor to aid prognosis (Shaffer.RN, 1967). To emphasise the importance of asymmetry of optic discs in infantile glaucoma compared to chronic glaucoma, the following study was conducted by Kenneth Richardson. Normal newborn infants, 96 hours old or less, were randomly chosen and their optic discs were assessed. Out of 468 it was found that only 11 infants had optic cup asymmetry, 2.3%; figure 8 (Richardson, April 1968). Similarly Snydacker found that out a random 500 adults only 15 had any sign of asymmetry, 3% (SyndackerD, 1964). Going back to the infants it was found that only 3 out of the 11 actually had marked asymmetry between their optic cups i.e. only 0.6%; figure 8 (Richardson, April 1968). A very different but much predicted result was found when Shaffer conducted a slightly different study (Shaffer.RN, 1967). 27 infants with unilateral glaucoma were assessed and it was found that 89% or 24 out of 27 had marked asymmetry; figure 8 (Shaffer.RN, 1967). In other infantile glaucoma studies Schaffer also found that 61% (52/85) patients had optic cups with a disc diameter greater than 1/3 in comparison to 2.6%(26/936) normal newborns who had optic cups with a disc diameter greater than 1/3 (Shaffer.RN, 1967). The above data provides vital evidence supporting the views that optic disc assessment in newborn infants is extremely important and any asymmetry in optic cupping is very significant as ‘normal’ infants are expected and likely to have symmetrical optic cups. Hence any asymmetry of cupping could be indicative of congenital glaucoma. Also it can be said that optic cupping assessment is of more importance in congenital glaucomas â€Å"since these cases are prone to follow a more asymmetrical course than adult glaucomas† (Richardson, April 1968). In order chronic glaucoma in order to be able to determine whether cupping is physiological or pathological the disc appearance must be tracked over many years. Whereas in newborns the cupping is expected to be symmetrical at birth therefore any asymmetry should be and can be picked up at birth (Richardson, April 1968). Secondary infantile glaucoma There are several causes of secondary infantile glaucoma, the most important is ocular trauma and this is due to the fact that ocular trauma is common in young infants. Blunt trauma to the eye causes compression of the globe which in turn leads to a temporary increase in IOP. When a blunt object hits the eye its cause indentation of the cornea, this then forces the aqueous humor â€Å"laterally against the anterior chambers angle structures and backwards against the iris and lens† (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Thereafter â€Å"in the anterior segment the iris sphincter ruptures† (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970) the ciliary body could become separated from the scleral spur or it may just be split or torn (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Likewise the trabecular meshwork may become ruptured, consequently leading to glaucoma (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Traumatic iritis is another cause of secondary glaucoma. Blunt ocular trauma can cause inflammatory cells and increase in proteins in the aqueous humor, in the early stages. These cells along with the protein molecules then cause obstruction of the trabecular meshwork. (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970) Oedema of the trabecular meshwork will also lead to resistance in the outflow of the aqueous. Even though there is an increase in the resistance of outflow, the IOP will remain within a normal range and in some cases it may actually be lower than normal because the blow will have caused depression of the ciliary body along with hyposecretion (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Anterior chamber haemorrhage (hyphema) occurs due to trauma or injury to the eye. Small haemorrhages are unlikely to clot, however large haemorrhages may fill the anterior chamber and cause compression of the meshwork which in turn leads to an acute increase in IOP (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Another cause of secondary glaucoma is recession of the anterior chamber angle. â€Å"A significant percentage of traumatic hyphemas results from a longitudinal cleavage of the ciliary body† (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). A chain of damage reactions which occur to the trabecular meshwork following this will decrease the outflow and lead to glaucoma. Contusion cataract can be caused by blunt trauma. â€Å"If the cataract intumesces, a phacogenic pupillary block glaucoma may result. If the cataract becomes hypermature the lens cortex which is liquefied may leak into the anterior chamber†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970) a macrophage response occurs and these cells then cause an increase in IOP as they block access of the aqueous to the trabecular meshwork. (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970) This is known as phacolytic glaucoma. Dislocation of the lens most likely occurs due to trauma, and if the lens after dislocation ends up in the anterior chamber then pupillary block glaucoma is l ikely (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Secondary glaucoma is usually the result of a laceration to the globe. A blunt blow, by a child’s fist, is often very serious as the smaller size of the fist does not allow the orbit to provide protection and the blow lands straight on the eye (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Intra-ocular foreign bodies can also cause glaucoma; particles which contain iron will oxidise and can be toxic to structures within the eye such as the trabecular meshwork (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Severe iritis can lead to glaucoma, and transient or chronic glaucoma can result from inflammation of the trabecular meshwork with increased resistance to outflow (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970).   Inflammation of the cornea can also cause secondary glaucoma, due to further inflammation of the meshwork leading to obstruction of the aqueous outflow (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). It is well-known that glaucoma can be induced by steroids. An increase in IOP can be induced by prolonged use of topical steroids, in susceptible individuals. Ocular tumours uncommon in children, however if one is present it can sometimes lead to secondary glaucoma (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Retinoblastoma, a well-known and common tumour found in the young can also cause glaucoma. The tumour will invade the anterior chamber angle structures; iris and trabecular meshwork. There is a very strong link between prenatal rubella infection and glaucoma and it is now well agreed upon that prenatal rubella can in fact cause glaucoma. It is estimated that rubella infantile glaucoma occurs in 2-4% of children with congenital rubella syndrome (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). It usually presents in the first six months of life and the symptoms are identical to those of primary congenital glaucoma; an enlarged oedematous cornea which is cloudy, a deep anterior chamber and the classic high IOP (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). Clinically it is found to be almost impossible to distinguish rubella infantile glaucoma from primary congenital glaucoma (Robert N. Shaffer, 1970). In conclusion, it has been determined that although rare conditions both primary and secondary infantile glaucoma can significantly affect the life of a child. Hence examination of the optic discs at birth is vital to ensure that any asymmetry of optic cups is detected and the possibility of the newborn developing glaucoma is known immediately, as it has been proven that infants with glaucoma are significantly more likely to show asymmetry of optic cupping compared to ‘normal’ infants. If the glaucoma is not detected at birth it is vital that healthcare professionals are able to recognise the signs and symptoms of infantile glaucoma so it can be treated before any significant damage has occurred, as it has been proven that the majority of children present with all or some of the signs and symptoms of glaucoma yet they are either overlooked by the parents or misdiagnosed by clinicians. In relation to the pathogenesis of infantile glaucoma significant evidence or lack of has proven that Worst along with Barkan’s Membrane theory are no longer valid. Vital histopathologic evidence undermines the theory; in fact Anderson has provided substantial evidence to prove that repositioning, sliding, cleavage and atrophy play a significant role in the development of primary infantile glaucoma. Along with the histopathologic evidence it can be concluded that Anderson’s findings can be accepted. References A. Edward Maumenee, M. (1962). 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